The Ra parameter is the most commonly used measurement for surface roughness.
Until recently, in fact, it was the only parameter recognized by ANSI, although new ANSI and ISO standards include many different parameters from which to choose.
Bench comparators consist of an indicating device, plus a height stand that incorporates a locating surface for the part.
On some stands—especially those used to measure large parts—the base itself serves as the reference surface.
Temperature variation is one of the most significant sources of gaging error. As manufacturing tolerances get tighter and the margin for gaging error gets smaller, it becomes an issue that must be addressed.
Many factors influence the accuracy of hole diameter measurements. We've seen in past columns the importance of operator skill in the use of rocking-type adjustable bore gages, and discussed how variations in part geometry may make even technically accurate measurements inaccurate from a part-function perspective.
Measuring and gaging are two fairly distinct forms of dimensional inspection. Measuring is a direct-reading process, in which the instrument incorporates a continuous scale of units, against which the part is compared directly.
Proper care of contact points is one of the basic considerations in gaging. Whether you're using a simple indicator gage or a sophisticated surface finish instrument, much depends on the condition of the sensitive contact point, which is the interface between the gage and the workpiece.
Many of the gaging applications we've considered over the years involve size inspection of a single feature, that is, the diameter of a hole, depth of a groove, height of a gage block, and so on. Many parts, however, contain multiple features that establish dimensional relationships between two or more other parts.