We spend a lot of time in this column discussing sophisticated gages and out-of-the-ordinary applications—so much so, that perhaps we've lately been neglecting the basics. After all, the fanciest electronics, computers and software won't deliver accurate results if good gaging practice is absent.
We've looked at "basic" comparative height gages, which are used for layout tasks and other surface plate measurements. Related to these are instruments known as electronic height gages.
A few months ago, we discussed the calibration of conical taper masters, which are used to master taper gages. Now let's look at the parts those gages are used to inspect—toolholders.
Gage stability implies different things in different contexts. If taken literally, it may refer to whether there is something loose on the gage, or some other gage problem occurs randomly, to cause two identical trials to produce different results.
Specifications often require inspection of dimensional relationships between two features, or between two dimensions on the same feature.
Compared to single-dimension specifications (such as diameter), these "relational" specifications can be challenging to inspect.
Conical parts, such as machine tool tapers, gas petcocks, and the shanks of modular prosthetic joints, must often be inspected for taper accuracy. This is usually performed with a special air or electronic gage, custom-made for the specific part.
Computers are rarely necessities for standard dimensional measurements, although almost any application can be enhanced through the use of PC-based gaging software. And while the use of "gaging computers" cannot serve as a substitute for sound gaging practice, the potential benefits they offer are greater, and the barriers to entry lower than ever.
The Ra parameter is the most commonly used measurement for surface roughness.
Until recently, in fact, it was the only parameter recognized by ANSI, although new ANSI and ISO standards include many different parameters from which to choose.
Bench comparators consist of an indicating device, plus a height stand that incorporates a locating surface for the part.
On some stands—especially those used to measure large parts—the base itself serves as the reference surface.
Temperature variation is one of the most significant sources of gaging error. As manufacturing tolerances get tighter and the margin for gaging error gets smaller, it becomes an issue that must be addressed.
Many factors influence the accuracy of hole diameter measurements. We've seen in past columns the importance of operator skill in the use of rocking-type adjustable bore gages, and discussed how variations in part geometry may make even technically accurate measurements inaccurate from a part-function perspective.