Precision CNC Supercharger Rotor Machining Means More Power

Whipple Superchargers’ more advanced rotor machining process means its power adders have become more potent.

Founded by former race crew chief and car owner Art Whipple in 1987, this Fresno, California, company manufactures twin-screw superchargers for automotive and marine racers and anyone else looking to improve their engine’s performance. As one of a few different types of “power adders,” as they are commonly referred to (turbochargers and nitrous oxide are others), superchargers introduce additional air into an engine beyond what the engine can pull on its own. The more air that can be delivered into the engine, the more fuel that can be proportionally added. That means the engine’s displacement becomes “bigger” than it physically is, producing more horsepower.

The accurate, non-contact meshing of two helical rotors inside a casing is the key for proper function of twin-screw superchargers. With the Whipple design, the male rotor has three helical lobes and the female has four, explains Supercharger Designer Garrett Bright. These rotate counter to each other and extremely closely. As the lobes of each move past air inlet ports, the air becomes trapped between the rotors and casing. Rotor rotation progressively reduces the space the air occupies, compressing it. Compression continues until the inner-lobe space becomes exposed to an outlet port, through which the air is discharged higher than atmospheric pressure into the intake manifold that sits atop the engine.

Supercharger efficiency depends on how effective sealing is between the mating rotors and the casing. Until recently, Whipple had solely used rotors manufactured and supplied by a European company. It still uses those supplied rotors for some of its supercharger models. However, Whipple has since started to design and machine its own rotors in house, and the machining process it has developed produces more cylindrical and accurate rotors than those its supplier provides. In fact, more precise machining means new supercharger designs are 5% more efficient than those using the supplied rotors.

Getting to this more accurate machining process took time. But with the help of advanced measurement, machine tool, workholding and tooling technology (and guidance from the companies that make that equipment), Whipple has established a means for not only accurately machining its rotors, but also minimizing changeover times and upping cutting aggressiveness to reduce cycle times.

Workholding Was an Issue

Mr. Bright says Whipple was spurred to machine its own rotors after seeing the results from precise measurements of its supplier’s rotors taken on its Zeiss Accura coordinate measuring machine (CMM). This CMM features a rotary table as well as Zeiss’ Vast scanning technology and Gear Pro option in its Calypso measuring software. Mr. Bright says this software is particularly effective for measuring mating rotors because he can assign specific control points on the male and female rotor helical profiles where they meet to determine the clearance between the two at those points. Mr. Bright determined that the profile for each rotor should be ±63 microns with the goal of achieving a clearance of approximately 125 microns. The company wasn’t getting that from its rotor vendor.

Whipple’s rotor-machining process using form tools is similar to that of its supplier’s, but with modifications to increase rigidity. The machine Whipple purchased in October 2016 is a Mazak Integrex e-420H-S II turn-mill with B-axis milling head. Cylindrical 6061 aluminum rotor blanks are first center-drilled longitudinally on another machine to enable a steel shaft to be pressed into them. As an operator loads a blank into the Integrex, the machine’s main spindle and then subspindle clamp on the shaft’s protruding journals. Next, the machine’s B axis is drastically tilted to orient a custom form tool that matches the desired flute profile when at that angle (see this story’s opening photo). Finally, the spinning form tool is moved along the Z axis as the rotor is slowly rotated to create each flute in multiple passes. “At this point, what we have here is a high-end, two-axis lathe,” Mr. Bright quips.

Initially, Whipple used extended-length, pull-back-style ER collets to clamp on the shaft journals. The extended length was required to position the blanks away from the subspindle to provide sufficient clearance for the B-axis spindle to tilt as far over the subspindle’s chuck as necessary. However, the pull-back functionality of those collets made loading rotor blanks time-consuming and challenging. Collet tightening (resulting in pullback) put excessive load on the main spindle, meaning the W-axis subspindle had to be trammed-in to help dial-out the load. Otherwise, chatter or poor surface finishes could result. As a result, operators such as Chris Jensen would continually clamp and reclamp until most of the load was eliminated. This typically took 10 minutes. Plus, Whipple was constantly replacing collets due to the wear they experienced being tightened and loosened so many times.

At the advice of Kellen Bush, Mazak’s application engineer who worked with Whipple on this project, the company contacted Hainbuch to devise an alternative workholding approach. Hainbuch Sales Manager Tom Chambers explains that the company’s custom workholding solution not only provides the extended reach required to enable the machine’s B axis to tilt to the requisite angle without interference, but it also offers higher rigidity while simplifying changeovers. This is possible largely because dead-length collets are used instead of pull-back types. Mr. Chambers says dead-length collets “clamp in space,” meaning the rotor blanks will not move when the collets are clamped. As a result, no additional load that would have to be dialed-out is applied to the main spindle. Changeovers now take only 2 minutes.

The Kyocera Unimerco form tools Whipple uses to machine its rotors (as does Whipple’s European supplier) actually are not commonly used for cutting metal. Anders Varga, sales manager for Kyocera Unimerco, says this type of tool is typically used for cutting wood, composites and other fibrous materials. This is primarily due to the amount of pressure that would be exerted on the tool as a result of the high contact area between a metal workpiece and long insert cutting edges. That these tools can be used in this rotor-machining application speaks to the rigidity of the machine with Capto spindle interface and its custom workholding.

Using form tools that match the rotors’ helical flute profile (profiles Mr. Bright has refined) eliminates polishing that might be required if multiple end mills were used to carve the flutes. The rotors are machined so their lobes are as big as possible, but slightly undersized to allow for a subsequent proprietary coating. Whipple typically keeps two roughing tools and three finishing tools on hand for both male and female rotors. The tools use uncoated, micro-grain carbide inserts. The inserts for the roughing tools are attached to the tool bodies via screws; finishing tools are brazed to them.

Realizing Requisite Accuracy

Not only is Whipple’s machining process achieving the 125-micron clearance goal between mating rotors, but end-to-end rotor cylindricity is more consistent. Mr. Bright says that with the original workholding approach, the difference in cylindricity of one end of a rotor compared to the other might be as high as 10 microns. Now, that has been reduced to 1 micron. Rotor cycle times are a tad faster, too. Cycle times for a male rotor is 14 minutes and a female rotor takes 20 minutes. But for Whipple, this is gravy. Its primary goals were to achieve higher rotor machining precision and speeding changeovers, both of which it has realized.